CHILD POVERTY AND HEALTHCARE ACCESS: A CASE STUDY FOR UK

Table of Contents

Background and Rationale…………………………………………………………………… 3

Capstone Project Rationale………………………………………………………………….. 7

Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………….. 7

Research Question and Objectives………………………………………………………… 9

Research Method………………………………………………………………………………. 10

4. Timescale……………………………………………………………………………………… 12

References………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

Background and Rationale

Child poverty and access to healthcare are critical concerns in the UK, with substantial consequences on the overall welfare of the youthful demographic. A multitude of research has clarified the complex correlation between poverty and detrimental health consequences in children. The influence of socioeconomic inequalities on health is most significant during the early stages of life, as limited availability of resources and opportunities can result in enduring consequences for a child’s physical and psychological well.

Numerous studies Lai et al., (2019) regularly indicate that children residing in impoverished circumstances exhibit a raised propensity for developing various health-related challenges, including malnutrition, delays in developmental milestones, and an increased incidence of chronic illnesses. The confluence of poverty among children and healthcare accessibility in the UK presents further challenges Despite the NHS commitment to provide healthcare access for everyone; challenges exist for economically disadvantaged families. Multiple studies have demonstrated that children hailing from low-income homes often have challenges when it comes to receiving healthcare services that are both timely and suitable, which causes delays in the diagnostic and treatment processes. These discrepancies play a role in perpetuating a cycle of health inequity, wherein children living in poverty have significant challenges in attaining and sustaining optimal health. Furthermore, the geographical pattern of poverty within the UK contributes to the difficulty in accessing healthcare services.

                                                Figure 1: Poverty in UK in every year

                                                            (Source: McCarthy and Richter, 2016)

Over 13 million Brits live in poverty. A recent report showed how much poverty costs the UK annually. Poverty costs £78 billion, more than industry, agriculture, employment, and transit (McCarthy and Richter, 2016). On the other hand, Featherstone (2019) has brought attention to the existence of regional discrepancies in child poverty rates, which are frequently associated with inequalities in healthcare facilities and services. Children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions may encounter a dearth of healthcare resources, a scarcity of healthcare practitioners, and less opportunity for early detection, hence increasing the adverse effects of poverty on their wellness outcomes. In recent years, there have been governmental efforts that have sought to tackle the complex relationship between child poverty and access to healthcare in the UK.

                                    Figure 2: Covid 19 load is highest on England’s youth

                                                (Source: Armstrong and Richter, 2021)

The oldest generations were most at danger and severely afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic Since vaccination efforts began at the end of 2020, they first focused on protecting elderly people, but the burden has progressively moved to younger people, hastened by school and creche reopening. In the latest Office for National Statistics report on infection rates in England, the world still lacks a vaccination for children under 12, despite advances in researching and testing vaccines for them. As of May 2021, children in school years 7 to 11 had the greatest rate of new Covid infections at 0.5%, as shown in this infographic. The second-most impacted age group was Year 12 to 24 at 0.3%. The youngest age group, 2 to 6, has a rate of 0.2 %, similar to 35 to 49 year olds but higher than all other categories.

The importance of doing research on poverty among children and healthcare access in the UK cannot be overstated, as it has significant consequences for public health, social fairness, and the overall long-term well-being of the nation. This research Patel et al., (2020) focuses on enhancing our understanding of the unique health obstacles encountered by children living in poverty conditions, thus providing helpful information for the development of focused treatments aimed at enhancing overall health outcomes. The attempt to mitigate disparities in healthcare among children of varying socioeconomic statuses is in accordance with the ideas of social justice, since it involves lobbying for policies that foster equity and equitable access to opportunities. Furthermore, Whitehead et al., (2021)  it is important to point out that there are substantial long-term implications for society. In addition Hiam et al., (2020) to its economic consequences, this research possesses international significance as it contributes to the worldwide comprehension of common obstacles in the realm of child well-being. From an ethical standpoint, it is crucial to prioritise the well-being of children who are vulnerable, by ensuring that they have fair and equal access to critical healthcare services.

Capstone Project Rationale

The UK capstone project on poverty among children and healthcare access is driven by a deep commitment to tackling social concerns that affect the nation’s future. The understanding that socio-economic inequality can have a major influence on children’s health and access to healthcare drives this study. Child poverty is a major indication of social inequality and a key factor in long-term welfare (Robante, 2023). In the UK, child poverty and healthcare access offer complicated issues that require extensive examination. The research will examine the socio-economic factors that sustain child poverty and the health inequalities that ensue. The purpose of this case study is to provide detailed insights into the lived experiences of economically disadvantaged families and their healthcare access challenges. Additionally, the initiative promotes social equity and justice. It aims to study child poverty’s causes and provide targeted interventions and policy changes to break the cycle (Zwicker, 2020). A meaningful capstone project bridges gaps in understanding, advocates for beneficial changes, and contributes to collaborative efforts to create a healthier and fairer future for UK children.

Literature Review

Socio-economic determinants of child poverty

According to Blair et al., (2022) the importance of doing research on child poverty and healthcare access in the UK cannot be overstated, as it has significant consequences for public health, social fairness, and the overall well-being of the nation in the long run. This research seeks to enhance our comprehension of the distinct health obstacles encountered by children living in disadvantaged conditions, enabling the development of focused treatments that can effectively enhance overall health outcomes. The drive to mitigate healthcare inequities among children of varying socioeconomic statuses is in accordance with the ideas of social justice, since it involves lobbying for policies that foster equity and equitable access to opportunities. Furthermore, Vizard et al., (2019) it is crucial to acknowledge the substantial long-term social implications associated with investing in the welfare of children. In addition Asif et al., (2022) to its economic effects, this research possesses international significance as it contributes to the worldwide comprehension of common obstacles in child well-being. From an ethical standpoint, it is crucial to prioritise the well-being of children who are vulnerable, by making sure that they have fair and equal access to critical healthcare services. The involvement of individuals and organisations in the investigation process is crucial to ensuring that interventions are appropriate to the specific context and are accepted by the populations from whom they intend to benefit. This approach promotes a joint effort to effectively solve the urgent social challenges at hand.

Health outcomes in disparities in children in poverty

The issue of health inequalities among children living in poverty in the UK necessitates a thorough and complete research. Patel et al., (2020) opined that the available body of research highlights the negative health consequences faced by these susceptible groups, painting a troubling picture of enhanced illness and reduced quality of life. The issue of malnutrition has become widespread, as a result of restricted availability of nourishing food, leading to delays in development and decreased physical well-being. Mental health difficulties are a significant concern, given that the psychosocial stressors linked to economic adversity can have adverse effects on a child’s psychological resilience and development of cognition. Furthermore, Lewer et al., (2020) identified that it is observed that chronic illnesses are more commonly seen in youngsters living in impoverished conditions, hence contributing to a cycle of poor health and restricted prospects. The existing body of literature presents a persuasive account that demonstrates the necessity of implementing focused interventions and policy measures to address health disparities (Bambra et al., 2020). These efforts should be directed towards reducing inequalities and making sure equitable access to essential resources for the optimal health and psychological well-being of all children, irrespective of their socio-economic circumstances.

The barrier to healthcare access for children in poverty

According to Ibrahim et al., (2021) the children residing in impoverished conditions within the borders of the UK have significant obstacles when it comes to obtaining healthcare services, hence creating a multifaceted predicament that is beyond just financial limitations. Geographical disparities are of significant importance, since families living in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions frequently encounter restricted access to healthcare facilities and specialists. On the other hand, Kang et al., (2022) the issue is further compounded by economic limitations, as families have difficulties in meeting transportation expenses and taking time off from work to attend medical visits. Access to healthcare services can be hindered by institutional considerations, namely bureaucratic complications present within the healthcare system. These complexities can contribute to delays in the diagnosis and treatment of those seeking medical care. The combination of several complex obstacles is a significant barrier for struggling households in their pursuit of crucial healthcare services. The existing body of literature emphasises the need of promptly addressing these obstacles, disagreements for governmental reforms and community-based initiatives that not only mitigate economic problems but also enhance healthcare accessibility for children in disadvantaged situations (Rosenthal et al., 2020). The dismantling of these obstacles is essential in order to ensure that every child has equal access to timely and suitable healthcare, regardless of their socio-economic status.

Research Question and Objectives

Research Aim

The aim of the study is to focus on the healthcare access and child poverty in countries like the United Kingdom.

Research Objectives

• To assess poverty-related health concerns such malnutrition, delays in development, and chronic diseases in children in the UK
• To identify the systemic and societal obstacles to healthcare for poor children in the UK
• To evaluate child poverty and healthcare policy in the UK
• To support the targeted actions to reduce child poverty and improve healthcare access, based on a comprehensive understanding of social factors that influence health and various socioeconomic circumstances.

Research question

• How many UK kids with limited resources have health issues?
• What are the main challenges to healthcare for poor children?
• How well do policy interventions reduce health inequalities among poor children?
• How can targeted interventions and policy proposals address the complicated relationship between child poverty and healthcare access?

Research Method

Data collection method

The utilisation of a mixed-methods approach in this study guarantees a comprehensive analysis of the intricate factors associated with child poverty and healthcare accessibility in the UK. This methodology enhances the knowledge and comprehension of the included topics by providing a more educated and nuanced perspective. Complementing these quantitative approaches, qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies, can capture the nuanced experiences and perspectives of families directly affected by child poverty and healthcare disparities. Qualitative data are invaluable for exploring the lived experiences of individuals navigating the healthcare system and shedding light on the specific barriers they face. Moreover, engaging with healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders through interviews or structured discussions can provide insights into systemic challenges and potential avenues for intervention. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data allows for a triangulated analysis, strengthening the validity and reliability of the findings.

Sampling

In a UK case study on child poverty and healthcare access, participant selection is crucial to research validity and community relevance. A stratified sample that includes a wide variety of geographic areas and socio-economic backgrounds is needed to capture the wide range of experiences and challenges faced by children and families nationwide. It also ensures the study includes urban and rural environments and differing economic hardship by including a wide variety of people. Random and intentional sampling can be used in each stratum to reflect all opinions (Power et al., 2020). This method considers age, ethnicity, and family composition to capture varied participant characteristics. A targeted sample of healthcare professionals, lawmakers, and community leaders will provide useful insights on healthcare accessibility structure and actionable areas. Child poverty’s effects on health outcomes at different developmental stages might be better understood by including new-borns, school-aged children, and teens. Purposive sampling targets diverse groups to recognise and address their unique challenges. This technique makes the study’s findings more relevant and practical, allowing for population-wide generalisation.

Ethics and limitation

To protect participants’ dignity and well-being, a UK case study on child poverty and access to medical care must be ethical. All participants, including minors where appropriate, must give informed consent, and privacy and confidentiality have to be strictly observed. The study will follow ethical rules and prioritise beneficence to maximise benefits and minimise harm to participants. However, study limitations must be acknowledged (Taylor-Robinson et al., 2019). A single case study may not fully reflect the complexity of child poverty and healthcare access, limiting generalizability. The sensitive themes under study may also cause people emotional anguish, especially when reliving hardships. Participants will be supported and ethically treated throughout the study process. Child poverty and healthcare access are dynamic and diverse, making it difficult to demonstrate causation or determine the proportional effect of many factors. Despite these constraints, the study seeks to illuminate the complex link between child poverty and healthcare access in the UK while preserving ethical standards and participant well-being.

4. Timescale

No.

Chapters

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

W6

W7

W8

W9

W10

W11

W12

1

Introduction

2.

Literature Review

3.

Methodology of the research

4.

Analysis and Findings

5.

Discussion

6.

Recommendation and Conclusion

 

References

Armstrong, M. and Richter, F. (2021) Infographic: Covid Burden now heaviest on England’s youngest, Statista Daily Data. Available at: https://www.statista.com/chart/25014/covid-infections-england-by-age-group/ (Accessed: 23 November 2023).

Asif, M.F., Pervaiz, Z., Afridi, J.R., Safdar, R., Abid, G. and Lassi, Z.S., 2022. Socio-economic determinants of child mortality in the moderating role of household’s wealth index. BMC pediatrics, 22, pp.1-8.

Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J. and Matthews, F., 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health, 74(11), pp.964-968.

Blair, N., 2022. The role of primary care providers in improving health access for uninsured migrants in Canada.

Featherstone, B., Morris, K., Daniel, B., Bywaters, P., Brady, G., Bunting, L., Mason, W. and Mirza, N., 2019. Poverty, inequality, child abuse and neglect: Changing the conversation across the UK in child protection?. Children and Youth Services Review, 97, pp.127-133.

Hiam, L., Dorling, D. and McKee, M., 2020. Things fall apart: the British health crisis 2010–2020. British Medical Bulletin, 133(1), pp.4-15.

Ibrahim, H., Liu, X., Zariffa, N., Morris, A.D. and Denniston, A.K., 2021. Health data poverty: an assailable barrier to equitable digital health care. The Lancet Digital Health, 3(4), pp.e260-e265.

Kang, C., Tomkow, L. and Farrington, R., 2019. Access to primary health care for asylum seekers and refugees: a qualitative study of service user experiences in the UK. British Journal of General Practice, 69(685), pp.e537-e545.

Lai, E.T., Wickham, S., Law, C., Whitehead, M., Barr, B. and Taylor-Robinson, D., 2019. Poverty dynamics and health in late childhood in the UK: evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study. Archives of disease in childhood, 104(11), pp.1049-1055.

Lewer, D., Jayatunga, W., Aldridge, R.W., Edge, C., Marmot, M., Story, A. and Hayward, A., 2020. Premature mortality attributable to socioeconomic inequality in England between 2003 and 2018: an observational study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), pp.e33-e41.

McCarthy, N. and Richter, F. (2016) Infographic: How much does poverty cost the UK every year?, Statista Daily Data. Available at: https://www.statista.com/chart/5428/how-much-does-poverty-cost-the-uk-every-year/  (Accessed: 23 November 2023).

Patel, J.A., Nielsen, F.B.H., Badiani, A.A., Assi, S., Unadkat, V.A., Patel, B., Ravindrane, R. and Wardle, H., 2020. Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable. Public health, 183, p.110.

Patel, J.A., Nielsen, F.B.H., Badiani, A.A., Assi, S., Unadkat, V.A., Patel, B., Ravindrane, R. and Wardle, H., 2020. Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable. Public health, 183, p.110.

Pearce, A., Dundas, R., Whitehead, M. and Taylor-Robinson, D., 2019. Pathways to inequalities in child health. Archives of disease in childhood, 104(10), pp.998-1003.

Power, M., Doherty, B., Pybus, K. and Pickett, K., 2020. How COVID-19 has exposed inequalities in the UK food system: The case of UK food and poverty. Emerald Open Research, 2.

Robante, J., 2023. Health Insurance Education and Advocacy.

Rosenthal, D.M., Ucci, M., Heys, M., Hayward, A. and Lakhanpaul, M., 2020. Impacts of COVID-19 on vulnerable children in temporary accommodation in the UK. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), pp.e241-e242.

Taylor-Robinson, D., Lai, E.T., Wickham, S., Rose, T., Norman, P., Bambra, C., Whitehead, M. and Barr, B., 2019. Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000–2017: time trend analysis. BMJ open, 9(10), p.e029424.

Vizard, P., Obolenskaya, P. and Burchardt, T., 2019. Child poverty amongst young carers in the UK: prevalence and trends in the wake of the financial crisis, economic downturn and onset of austerity. Child Indicators Research, 12, pp.1831-1854.

Whitehead, M., Taylor-Robinson, D. and Barr, B., 2021. Poverty, health, and covid-19. bmj, 372.

Zwicker, J., 2020. MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY CAPSTONE PROJECT.

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